01) Number of Reflections
WHERE :
R = Number of Reflections
θ = Angle between the two Reflections
NOTE : This principle can be used to create Reflections using multiple Reflections.
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02) Snell's law
WHERE :
n = Refractive index
sini = Sine value of the drop angle
sinr = Sine value of refraction angle
NOTE : The incoming ray, the refraction ray, the tangent at the point of incidence, are in the same plane.
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03) Angle of Light Deviation
WHERE :
d(1) = Deviation angle from sparse media to popular media
d(2) = Deviation angle from popular media to sparse media
i = Drop angle
r = Refraction angle
NOTE: The speed of light in the air is 3 * 10 ^ 8 meters per second.
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04) Relative refractive index
WHERE :
1n2 = Relative refractive index
sini = Sine value of the drop angle
sinr = Sine value of refraction angle
C1 = Velocity of light in the first medium
C2 = Velocity of light in the second medium
NOTE : Relative refraction can be obtained from Snell's law.
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05) Absolute refraction
WHERE :
n(a) = Absolute refraction
C(o) = Velocity of light in a vacuum
C(a) = Velocity of light in a given medium
NOTE: The absolute refractive index is known as the refractive index for each medium in which light travels.
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06) Connection between refractive index
WHERE :
1n2 and 2n1 = Relative refractive index
sini = Sine value of the drop angle
sinr = Sine value of refraction angle
C1 = Velocity of light in the first medium
C2 = Velocity of light in the second medium
n1 = Absolute refractive index of the first medium
n2 = Absolute refractive index of the second medium
NOTE : Using the above relations, different refractive index and angle values are searched.
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07) Relationship between true depth and visual depth
WHERE :
n1 = Absolute refractive index of the first medium in light travel
n2 = Absolute refractive index of the second medium in light travel
NOTE : The distance from the media separator to the real object is called the true depth. The distance from the media separator to the visual object is called the visual depth.
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08) Visual displacement
WHERE :
n1 = Absolute refractive index of drop ray in medium
n2 = Absolute refractive index of refraction ray in medium
d = Visual displacement
t = Truth depth
NOTE : To find the total Visual displacement caused by several parallel media, the total number of optical displacements must be considered separately.
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09) Critical angle of light ray
WHERE :
n(L) = Absolute refractive index of Low medium
n(H) = Absolute refractive index of High medium
C = Critical angle
NOTE : When ray is going to high medium to low medium, the Critical angle is when the ray travels on the interface that separates the medium.
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10) Refraction in the prism
WHERE :
i(1) = drop angle
i(2) = Definition angle
A = Prism angle
d = Total deviation angle
NOTE: An object made of a transparent medium bordered by three right angles is called a prism.
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11) Lens formula
WHERE :
v = Reflection distance
u = Object distance
f = Focal length
Important: All distances must be measured from the focal point of the lens. The distance measurement should be measured as a (-) measurement of the direction in which light travels. Distance is measured as (+), which is the opposite of the direction in which light travels. A convex lens is denoted with a focal length (-) sign, and a Concave lens with a focal length (+).
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12) Linear magnification
WHERE :
m = Linear magnification
H = Height of the object
h = Reflection height
v = Reflection length
u = Reflection length
NOTE: Generally, two rays are used to create the images. No signs are used for magnification in here.
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13) Power of a lens
WHERE :
P = Power of a lens
f = Focal length
NOTE: The force of a convex lens is (+) and the force of a Concave lens is (-). When the focal length is to be replaced, the sign with the value should be used. Power comes from diopters.
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14) Compact Lenses
WHERE :
F = Total power of the Compact lens
f = Focal lengths
NOTE: If F is positive, the equatorial lens will be concave. If F is negative, the equatorial lens will be convex. The focal lengths should be replaced with the sign.
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15 ) Angular magnification
WHERE :
M = Angular magnification
α' = The angle at which the reflection is seen from the object
α = The angle of reflection generated by the object
Note: Angular magnification is the ratio between the angle the image is made of the eye and the angle that the object makes the eye.
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16 ) Normal adjustment of a simple microscope
WHERE :
M = Angular magnification
D = Distance from the eye to the final reflection
f = Focal length
Note: The maximum angular magnification of a simple microscope is obtained when the instrument is in the normal adjustment.
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17 ) Abnormal adjustment of a simple microscope
WHERE :
M = Angular magnification
D = Distance from the eye to the final reflection
f = Focal length
Note: By positioning the object on the center of the convex lens, the reflection can be infinitely created. If the object is observed for long periods of time, the object will be tracked by abnormal adjustment.
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18 ) Normal adjustment of an composite microscope
WHERE :
M = Angular magnification
D = Distance from the eye to the final reflection
f (u) = The focal length of the upper lens
f (d) = The focal length of the down lens
u (d) = Objects distance from the down lens
Note: In composite microscope, nearest lens to eye is called as upper lens and far away lens to eye is named as down lens.
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19 ) Abnormal adjustment of an composite microscope
WHERE :
M = Angular magnification
D = Distance from the eye to the final reflection
f (u) = The focal length of the upper lens
f (d) = The focal length of the down lens
V (d) = Reflection distance from down lenses
Note: If a composite microscope observes the object for long periods of time, the device must be adjusted so that the final Reflection is infinite.
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20 ) Normal adjustment of the telescope
WHERE :
M = Angular magnification
f (u) = The focal length of the upper lens
f (d) = The focal length of the down lens
L = The distance between the two lenses
Note: It is normal to adjust the telescope so that the final reflection produced by the telescope is infinite.
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21 ) Abnormal adjustment of the telescope
WHERE :
M = Angular magnification
f (u) = The focal length of the upper lens
f (d) = The focal length of the down lens
D = Distance from the eye to the final reflection
u (u) = Objects distance from the upper lens
L = The distance between the two lenses
Note: A telescope receives more angular magnification when the telescope is placed in an Abnormal adjustment.
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